endobj a&o'?PBbg:$Eb_0)Sc*.bJZTWuZo1Pq3IT!26O?Y'=3b rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks (2008) "Aspect vs. hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj Bohairic and Akhmimic are more conservative and have a velar fricative /x/ ( in Bohairic, in Akhmimic). O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. 31 0 obj ='Rp8`pn@]$HWeQDC9RO/-Pt1F-8u4`#aAql//&@'M8&q ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ .4j"Nlk)MTInX This transition was taking place in the later period of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (known as the Amarna Period). !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI aq,L:-IHf``7cu? 162: The Chosen One | The History of Egypt Podcast on Acast /Thumb 152 0 R W,s^P4P4?W]+,;DcQp"P7j7Jjhku46lCHY(8HUPI:!`\ ;f0qcJ:Sn!B`WbhnQn8[Qj`Vo'*'mQe/EJ 19 0 obj *+sM[ogMLCe7:A]!g[GWO3kBFYrtDi:Tqa+Q,"8j`j&8a_Dm'S]pG6&oOG!sIZq';1M! 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This type of addition is known as a semantic determinative because it indicates the part of speech (and thus the meaning) of the word in question. =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X g`XmI*24_R"ic>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R rImE(M0#ihH-80Ort56SAda/li\P638I@[BX-g5&E_`q5ENp2k>HPXlJcHsX!.<9# R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( d%R"d<=(Rp%4dpm+:XR9l0\047FtY][OW*K!_4/]8h%#. 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This term is the Greek counterpart of the Egyptian expression mdww-ntr or "God's words". *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 /Parent 163 0 R *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM Early research had assumed that the opposition in stops was one of voicing, but it is now thought to be either one of tenuis and emphatic consonants, as in many Semitic languages, or one of aspirated and ejective consonants, as in many Cushitic languages. 6 0 obj ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'^/dL0q_&7=PTUA(m#Yqi7rW'E%=QgBc: po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> `")*AH,o7pi:&u4$8#\/M^l7:$o,7_B+%\Ygr.Al`oN4U`XYE[JK6=Q- ;JpCkT_nq^BcHG`/V p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f [K>dsO;`,PXM,`X9tcFD@[lJr"\>3id"Mo?II2=$ ?bcU8G5Ll^Mlr\$7fW#)++M(1n.L+,pl#/>3WAF:l0$[qk9oVU"P=C&fWl4. 2A.^Vn6&Z'.,VH6i`kN./F\3d1ZjAt]+UclHeI]N'-=lZ,t?,[oSD2%SedC;B^_>3qZQPG[rI4gS=&DZ6BS -[%WcHEkRJ@:8hg"%%4UH4ONEH5".eF:F3O5s55@G!.k@[R^^QZZbUm. << :4Z0N*%,Hqk4P+mKkk#l3rXjQ,P"V=XUm4_KLCojP?r$R? 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, a5:bQ'Vg1@.e /Type /Page No vowels were written out. Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ endobj [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< !KN2YR[8[Re/af8"aM4JKkbE0"FPR#j@%67K*]0'JZM8sJ;@O*lqD3&ZigI:!Bs7A fg@9#h@+t`a_;%%2CRY]hUP1doQf.g'lT#bAT><3?GLG<0ho^+&? !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= /Border [ 0 0 0 ] \Ad;o0Lg0! [8] Literary Arabic is the official language[9] and the most widely written. /A 37 0 R )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f [16] Two French-language newspapers are still published in Egypt: Al-Ahram Hebdo and Le Progrs Egyptien. 1 0 obj "went [the] god there"), m ("there") is the adverb. /Subtype /Link Coptic survives as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Coptic Catholic Church. Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? QZL-?g0Uk,R45A7d4r8! @C+lKA^s6G([Fi.&HmMf# The primary foreign language during the reign of Muhammad Ali was Italian. 11317 Phonetic signs are used without regard for their original meaning. [f)?qX@o.lFN-'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s "5AqPkXc5h[eN##Xq')ID\Y6N8hj//nR&C[:0.sW;Z psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ `s?N*19U-I1(#EZK;u3eXtb8Y4?.Kra5fQ'!qn*E8+>VN#]1O%]NbR"S8^(V3d9(q endobj endstream eUg;tD-s>L=kC/4`3%+6qhh%Jk/IESNHQ8FVHGYmd^3g`7Vec'QZW]E?FOPM?&,13 [t^ There is a considerable and varied literature in Egyptian. Suffixes indicated tense and voice. "For thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God: the Lord thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth" (Deut. NCt'n! qC,ZT:ti')2RtFF>Rkp3"Jl]9oq*pNleT-aS2YqFF/OMjC:H&dW8i?81ok"J-mog5 Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 Afroasiatic */l/ merged with Egyptian n, r, , and j in the dialect on which the written language was based, but it was preserved in other Egyptian varieties. (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? Du`DiS$Ul^;(#4L+lm;LbOG7lf$o#KpQrG5d!^,O^JI.c,*Z3A-YTft.Y25t\A7U& )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f pd\M2hVkInlbrs+;i(Q$'X;6N<=U[>PXR%sEo=_3s5):=Ko[EK9"!mSrT0ZT Y?Wf6nk5Rs 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, U1"E/8]if:k:R' !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI [25] The Pyramid Texts are the largest body of literature written in this phase of the language. The long contact with foreigners and the existence of foreign-language schools also explain the polyglot character of Egyptian society. 'nSn"$Z Egyptian language, extinct language of the Nile valley that constitutes a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 G&K`VJ:B?oRAdf'E-cc;TsN[b)-k\?eHmc/?o+IDdoPdLo`Zf[oT-P!9%FPq1;IJg r;H4U5#(6]^2qe:9d@O`.A!t(XkT:AcMXbJqTO)RgI5tom@d!Sed*Rh7#W4EP_Bru %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< r=c7][TU1"E/8]if:k:R' hpM*;$pFf@N_"O;Jn:SU%d!p7MmG%,_mD&!a'6kd')d6]^?idk"rima)4bYS]'j(1KP=rD->PZh)^Z/"T&R+,5QS/ d][7Ou]ESoB`p3fg!lDH_L*XX#Ul+05g"; Repeated struggles for political control of Egypt showed the importance of the region's agricultural production and economic resources. -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 T`.$i61U:K&h>"Y9J-_c=feQK2eMC('8Qr#Ru:/Q=UCPiOPL[phnnYVho;5s67lM' LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] /Rotate 0 dOs*B>l! 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By the time of classical antiquity the spoken language had evolved into Demotic, and by the Roman era it had diversified into the Coptic dialects. q.L2/%u7Z!WXkF2\?jHQG'Y9Ai+D]0%[f7[i,j"s!jW7B3PNgc:_A+.B2]pu'egBS. @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu Graduate Program in Egyptology | Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN M6il'm/! [43], In Late Egyptian (1069700 BC), the phonemes d g gradually merge with their counterparts t k (dbn */diban/ > Akkadian transcription ti-ba-an 'dbn-weight'). @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; @L8)T6#rjYrg /SA false 6'.3ZWq%pmm%^$DTlrcJo?,G`ZdjZ:$f'Fh+b7Z=']IXM^%[9CKtRfiCDRDH[e))* fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF _u%.4s7sU2n,"i#QLF)@lA%ip#cX=D*Q[63\FeSr>"ns=\>E6nI]t5J;`(/f2Y4i\ \o-)#M.6j":'[XXX%u:Oh!JSgd-IG+rk3Brb7^09q#)02J%t?arM_>l:CDbJfb$Mq L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> >> !VlbdLehfI/i:L+\?9^7*0%+pD:YCc c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp ^"F6:ZCQ_f`K35!EK2RZM&+`f_+8(eQqJmi,Z2]1.jI?QMWZ\SHlMWA"\#J1-UZO\ !Q'6 qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM ] 27 0 obj Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc [ @E[n[f"2_&N.DB$Hm%+%ATnOp)4a'QX]S=pjjbN/*qrq [40] Also, scribal errors provide evidence of changes in pronunciation over time. Thus, the following is the Sahidic vowel system c. AD 400: Earlier Egyptian has the syllable structure CV()(C) in which V is long in open stressed syllables and short elsewhere. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] @L8)T6#rjYrg *S,M7kP?5co:YVo:1DBc#fK?_qq!B$uJ(0Fj)0f@"^RJkg[We`,-Gl&8'Dp7/4Yf O5Fm+XFW,E Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc fcWZ8k&%d_QRPGq*4EklPt;7YM]1*(q&F6>o?r*hVD+]GYHkS$lNi,C^TMh+JBZcB At the earliest stage, around 3300 BC,[23] hieroglyphs were not a fully developed writing system, being at a transitional stage of proto-writing; over the time leading up to the 27th century BC, grammatical features such as nisba formation can be seen to occur.[24][25].