In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. 1996;93:46938. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. PubMed Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Microwave Health Effects Int J Radiat Biol. Electromagn Biol Med. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. 1994;10:13548. Rev Environ Health. 2005;161:3314. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . Smythe JW, Costall B. 2004;996:8996. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. Sci Total Environ. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Neuroreport. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. 2006;27:16471. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. millimeter, or equivalently. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Verma et al. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Curr Opin Neurobiol. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). 2009;4:e4389. The Dangers of Microwaves and Their Effects on Food - Natural Society 2017;52:23947. PubMed Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Bioelectromagnetics. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). World J Biol Chem. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. J Neuro-Oncol. Bioelectromagnetics. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. PubMed 2004;25:4957. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Rf and mw radiation hazards - SlideShare as it have a harmful side. 2012;62:22336. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Neuroreport. J Clin Oncol. 1992;49:1818. 2007;34:146779. Yale J Biol Med. Dasdag et al. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Interphone study group. Wang et al. 2012;21:6209. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Int J Radiat Biol. 2013;32:27380. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Physiol Behav. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. J Environ Health. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. J Neurosci Methods. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. CAS Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. 2008;49:16370. The effects are usually . 1999;9:3438. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. PubMed The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. 2001;12:72931. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. 2013;5:5500110. 2012;35:32534. Microwave Radiations and Its Effects on Human Health-A Review Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. J Neuro. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Nature. Phot J. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. 2010;86:37683. 2004;2004:19. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Article The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. 1984;4:285665. Singh et al. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. 2011;107:35661. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. 1999;4:102. 2005;22:32931. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Privacy Chin J Indus Hyg. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) 2000;284:30017. California Privacy Statement, SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. 2015;36:4804. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. How a Microwave effects the human body? by jesse aarons - Prezi To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. 1994;8:714. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. Behav Brain Res. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. 2004;23:20114. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Int J Radiat Biol. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. & Hu, XJ. CAS 2009;72:20514. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. 2002;57:2702. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. CAS Trends Cell Biol. 2005;360:6577. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Cite this article. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2013;34:58998. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. 2003;80:177. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. CAS JAMA. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. PubMed Toxicol Sci. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 2005;161:52635. 2016;53:210011. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 2009;64:2314. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. 2006;165:63644. . 1993;13:41322. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Radiat Res. Kwon et al. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. J Radiat Proc. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. 2011;343:5224. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Article 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. 1992;114:16202. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. 2005;438:18592. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2006;5:389. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. 2005;1042:1018. Mack et al. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. 2007;210:63544. 2017;38:106976. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. 2010;1347:17985. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Brain Res. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. 2003;14:2436. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. Electromagn Biol Med. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Annu Rev Physiol. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;39:67594. 2 Researchers have been working. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged 2013;34:26474. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Biol Chem. 2009;158:12639. Richter et al. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Bioelectromagnetics. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Dasdag et al. Exp Neurobiol. Google Scholar. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. 2002;13:11921. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. 2004;115:1490505. Google Scholar. Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net 2014;8:63. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. By using this website, you agree to our Neuroreport. Xu et al. 2000;11:16413. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114].